As the sun set on 2025, Africa found itself standing at a defining crossroads. The year had been one of stark contrasts: moments of triumph punctuated by setbacks, resilience intertwined with vulnerability, and optimism shadowed by persistent challenges. Across the continent’s sprawling landscapes—from the pulsating urban centres of Lagos and Nairobi to the remote villages of the Sahel and the Horn—Africa’s story unfolded in a tapestry of hope, struggle, and transformation.
Economic growth, though uneven, provided glimpses of promise. Several nations posted impressive GDP expansions, fuelled by reforms, entrepreneurship and burgeoning technology sectors. Ethiopia, Senegal, Rwanda and Niger emerged as engines of optimism, signalling that with the right policies, Africa’s youthful population could be converted from a demographic challenge into an economic dividend. Yet this growth was not uniform. Resource-dependent giants like Nigeria and Angola faced headwinds from commodity price swings and structural inefficiencies, while unemployment, particularly among young people, remained alarmingly high. Millions of Africans entered the job market in 2025, many without formal opportunities, laying bare the urgent need for inclusive, job-centred growth.
Political dynamics added another layer of complexity. Across the continent, citizens made their voices heard. From Morocco to Togo, youth-led protests and calls for accountability reflected a generation unwilling to wait for incremental change. Mali witnessed some of the most forceful public demonstrations in years, underscoring the growing impatience with governance systems perceived as unresponsive. These movements are not fleeting unrest; they are part of a broader awakening that will shape African politics in 2026 and beyond. Leaders are now challenged not merely to govern, but to respond to an electorate that demands tangible progress.
Security, too, remained a pressing concern. The persistence of armed groups in East Africa and the delicate peace processes in Central Africa highlighted the fragile balance between instability and recovery. Every flashpoint has implications for development, investment and human welfare, underscoring the reality that Africa’s potential can only be realised in tandem with peace and stability.
Amid these trials, the continent’s innovative spirit shone. Urban centres are incubators of technology and entrepreneurship, while investments in renewable energy, digital infrastructure and agriculture signal a willingness to embrace the future. Africa’s young population—connected, informed and ambitious—offers a reservoir of creativity that could redefine global economic patterns if harnessed effectively.
Looking ahead to 2026, the narrative is clear: Africa remains a continent of contrasts, of challenges and of hope. The year ahead will test the continent’s capacity to convert potential into progress, aspirations into action, and resilience into sustainable prosperity. In the pages that follow, we explore how Africa is navigating these crossroads, revealing a continent simultaneously confronting its deepest vulnerabilities and seizing the opportunities of an unprecedented moment in history.
Africa 2025, A Year of Contrasts
Africa in 2025 will be remembered as a year of strong contrasts, a year when hardship and hope existed side by side. It was a year shaped by many problems, such as rising prices, political tension, climate difficulties, and social unrest. At the same time, it was also a year of courage, creativity, and determination. Across the continent, ordinary people continued to live their lives, care for their families, build businesses, protest against unfairness, and dream of a better future. Even when the present seemed uncertain, people found ways to keep going. The story of Africa in 2025 was not only about the leaders or governments. It was also about millions of ordinary people whose daily struggles and quiet victories defined the year.
Economically, 2025 was a hard year for many African households. While the overall economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa was around 3.8 percent, this number did not show the reality of life for most citizens. Growth was not the same everywhere and often did not help people live better lives. Food prices went up sharply in many countries, the cost of transport increased, and rent became harder to afford. For families already living close to poverty, these changes created constant worry. Many households had to reduce the number of meals they ate, withdraw children from school, or depend on informal help from relatives and neighbours.
At the same time, many people found ways to cope with these difficulties. Small businesses continued to open, and local markets stayed busy. People grew vegetables in their backyards, shared food with neighbours, and looked for new ways to earn money. Communities came together to help each other, showing that even in hard times, cooperation and kindness were important.
Politics in 2025 also brought both hope and difficulty. In some countries, citizens protested against corruption or unfair laws. These protests sometimes led to tension, but they also showed the courage of people willing to stand up for their rights. Leaders were not always able to solve problems quickly, and political debates sometimes caused divisions. Yet many ordinary people continued to speak up and participate in their communities, showing that change often starts from the ground up.
Climate issues were another major challenge in 2025. Many parts of Africa faced droughts, floods, or unpredictable weather. Farmers had to work harder to protect their crops, and families struggled with water shortages. Despite these challenges, people showed great resilience. They used new farming methods, collected rainwater, and shared ideas to survive difficult conditions.
Economic Growth and Challenges:
In 2025, Africa’s economy showed a mix of hope and hardship. Some countries recorded strong growth, while others faced serious economic problems. The differences between countries reflected their resources, government policies, and social conditions. For many citizens, the numbers did not always match their daily experience, but the data showed both opportunities and challenges across the continent.
Among the fastest-growing economies, Senegal stood out with an estimated growth of about 8.4 percent. Much of this growth came from new oil and gas production, along with public investment in roads, schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure. This expansion created jobs and helped modernize parts of the country. Uganda also experienced strong growth, around 7.5 percent, thanks to farming, construction projects, and private investment in businesses. Niger, Rwanda, and Guinea each grew by roughly 7 percent, while Benin and Côte d’Ivoire recorded growth between 6.2 and 6.5 percent. Ethiopia continued to grow at an estimated rate of 6.5 to 7 percent, despite facing political tensions and social challenges.
These figures showed that Africa had pockets of progress and potential. New industries, investments, and development projects suggested that these countries could continue to grow in the coming years. However, for many ordinary people, the benefits of growth were slow to appear. High food prices, rising costs of living, and limited access to services meant that families often did not feel richer, even when the economy expanded. Citizens in both urban and rural areas had to work hard to meet basic needs, and inequality remained a challenge in fast-growing countries.
On the other hand, several African economies struggled in 2025. Zimbabwe recorded growth of about 6 percent, recovering somewhat after previous economic decline. However, high inflation and currency instability continued to reduce people’s purchasing power, making it hard to afford food, fuel, and other essentials. Botswana grew by around 3.3 percent, but its dependence on diamond exports left the economy vulnerable to global market changes. Even small drops in diamond prices could affect jobs and government revenue.
Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, recorded slow growth of only 3.0 to 3.4 percent. Structural weaknesses, shortages of foreign currency, and reliance on oil exports limited the country’s economic progress. Many citizens struggled with unemployment, high prices, and lack of public services. South Africa, the continent’s most industrialised nation, had one of the lowest growth rates, around 0.8 to 1.0 percent. The economy was held back by electricity shortages, weak business confidence, and high unemployment. Young people and low-income families were especially affected by these challenges, facing difficulties in finding work and supporting their households.
In both growing and struggling economies, ordinary people played an important role in keeping life moving. Families found ways to cope with rising costs, workers started small businesses, and communities supported one another. In countries with strong growth, citizens hoped that investments would create more opportunities in the future. In countries facing decline, people showed resilience by finding new ways to earn money and manage their daily needs despite difficult conditions.
Political Instability and the Continent’s Crisis:
In 2025, political instability and a widespread sense of crisis affected multiple regions across Africa. The year was marked by protests, coups, disputed elections, armed conflicts, and tensions between governments and citizens. These developments reflected longstanding challenges in governance, economic inequality, social inclusion, and security. Across the continent, millions of Africans experienced uncertainty, frustration, and fear, while political elites often struggled to maintain control.
In Sudan, political instability continued to define the nation’s landscape in 2025. Since the military coup in 2021, civilian-military tensions persisted, and the country remained deeply divided. Local elections and governance structures were hindered by ongoing disputes between the Transitional Sovereign Council and civilian groups demanding a return to democracy. Protests erupted sporadically, especially in Khartoum and Omdurman, as citizens expressed frustration over inflation, shortages of basic goods, and limited political freedom. The humanitarian situation compounded the political crisis, leaving large segments of the population vulnerable.
Guinea-Bissau experienced one of the most dramatic crises of 2025 when planned presidential and parliamentary elections in November were disrupted by a military coup. Election results were annulled, and the political system was thrown into uncertainty. Opposition parties and civil society organizations condemned the interruption of democratic processes, while the population faced the threat of renewed violence and repression. This coup underscored the fragility of democratic institutions in countries where military influence remains strong.
In Cameroon, political instability was fueled by longstanding grievances in the Anglophone regions of the country. On October 12, the presidential election declared Paul Biya the winner, extending his decades-long rule. The election was immediately contested by opposition groups, and protests erupted in Douala, Yaoundé, and Bamenda. Security forces responded with force, leading to clashes and casualties. The Anglophone separatist conflict further complicated the political landscape, with ongoing violence making it difficult for citizens to participate freely in public life and exacerbating mistrust in government institutions.
Tanzania faced growing political tensions during the October general elections. President Samia Suluhu Hassan won a new term, but the campaign period was marked by restrictions on opposition parties, arrests of activists, and limits on political rallies. Protests broke out in several urban centers following the election, and some turned violent. Many citizens, particularly young people and opposition supporters, expressed frustration at what they perceived as a narrowing of democratic space. The situation highlighted a broader pattern across Africa where formal electoral processes exist but are constrained by political control and repression.
Sudan, Mali, and Chad continued to struggle with instability related to governance and security. In Mali, the military-led government, which had seized power in a 2021 coup, faced both internal and international pressure to organize credible elections. While some local voting took place in 2025, insecurity and armed conflicts in northern and central regions prevented full participation. In Chad, unrest persisted following the death of President Idriss Déby in 2021 and the rise of the Transitional Military Council. Citizens expressed anger over political exclusion, lack of services, and arbitrary detentions, while armed groups continued to operate in border regions.
West Africa also experienced political tension and protests. In Nigeria, widespread dissatisfaction with economic stagnation, corruption, and insecurity led to frequent demonstrations, particularly in northern and southern states. The government faced challenges controlling armed groups, managing election disputes, and addressing social grievances. Burkina Faso, still recovering from repeated coups, experienced a wave of protests against military-led governance, highlighting the difficulty of restoring civilian rule amid ongoing threats from jihadist insurgencies in the Sahel region.
In the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia remained a flashpoint of instability. The Tigray conflict, though officially reduced, continued to disrupt political processes and displace thousands of citizens. Political tensions between the federal government and regional authorities, particularly in Oromia and Amhara, contributed to protests and localized clashes. Citizens expressed frustration with inflation, food insecurity, and limited political freedom, while the government struggled to balance security with civil liberties.
In Sudan, South Sudan, and Somalia, the sense of crisis was compounded by ongoing civil unrest and weak governance. In South Sudan, 2025 saw recurring protests over delayed implementation of peace agreements, continued ethnic violence, and disputes over control of oil revenues. In Somalia, political gridlock, factional disputes, and terrorist attacks by al-Shabaab created uncertainty ahead of planned local and national elections. These conditions made daily life precarious and eroded trust in political institutions.
North Africa also faced challenges. Libya, still divided between rival governments in Tripoli and Tobruk, experienced sporadic violence and demonstrations demanding better governance and security. Tunisia faced unrest linked to economic hardship, political disputes, and dissatisfaction with government policies. Citizens in both countries demonstrated a growing impatience with stalled reforms and a lack of effective leadership.
In Southern Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique experienced political tensions. In Zimbabwe, economic hardship combined with a history of contested elections fueled protests against the ruling party. In Mozambique, particularly in the northern province of Cabo Delgado, violence from insurgent groups complicated governance and caused displacement, which in turn led to dissatisfaction with the central government.
Overall, political instability in Africa in 2025 was fueled by a combination of factors: contested elections, authoritarian tendencies, military interventions, insurgencies, and social grievances. Countries such as Sudan, Guinea-Bissau, Cameroon, Tanzania, Mali, Chad, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Somalia, Libya, Tunisia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique all experienced varying levels of crisis. Across the continent, citizens expressed frustration with limited democratic space, economic difficulties, insecurity, and governance failures. Protests, both peaceful and violent, underscored the desire for accountability and reform, while ongoing conflicts highlighted the fragility of political institutions in many regions.
Climate Crisis in Africa:
In 2025, Africa continued to face serious problems caused by climate change. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events affected millions of people across the continent. The climate crisis was not just an environmental issue—it also impacted food, water, health, and the economy. Many countries struggled to cope with droughts, floods, and storms, while others worked to find ways to adapt to these changes.
East Africa was hit hard by drought in 2025. Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia experienced very low rainfall, which affected crops and livestock. Farmers struggled to grow food, and many families faced food shortages. In Ethiopia, a country already facing social and political challenges, the drought worsened the situation, leaving millions in need of assistance. Somalia also suffered from water shortages, forcing communities to rely on humanitarian aid to survive. In Kenya, the drought reduced harvests of maize and vegetables, raising food prices and putting pressure on families already living in poverty.
In West Africa, heavy rainfall and flooding caused major problems. Nigeria, Ghana, and Niger experienced floods that destroyed homes, roads, and farmland. In Nigeria, many communities along rivers had to evacuate as water levels rose. Farmers lost crops, and local markets were disrupted, leading to higher prices for basic foods. Niger, a country with many desert areas, faced both drought and sudden flooding, showing how unpredictable the climate had become. These floods also increased the risk of waterborne diseases, affecting the health of thousands of people.
Southern Africa faced a mix of heatwaves and water shortages. South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Zambia experienced very high temperatures, which reduced water supplies and damaged crops. In South Africa, water shortages affected both urban and rural areas, while farmers in Zimbabwe lost part of their harvest due to the heat and dry conditions. Zambia also struggled to maintain electricity supplies because dams used for hydropower had lower water levels, showing how climate problems could affect energy and daily life.
North Africa was not spared from climate challenges. Countries such as Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia faced heatwaves and desertification. The Sahara Desert continued to expand, making it harder to grow crops in the surrounding regions. In Morocco, heatwaves and water scarcity affected farming and tourism, two major parts of the economy. Algeria and Tunisia experienced similar problems, with higher temperatures and lower rainfall creating long-term risks for agriculture and rural communities.
Across Africa, the climate crisis showed how interconnected environmental, social, and economic issues are. Extreme weather events not only damaged land and crops, but also made it harder for families to earn money, attend school, and access clean water. Governments and local communities worked to respond, building dams, improving irrigation, planting trees, and creating early warning systems for floods and droughts. However, these efforts were often limited by lack of funding and resources, leaving many people vulnerable to the effects of climate change.
Violent Riots and Political Unrest:
In 2025, many African countries were shaken by widespread protests and violent riots. People from youth groups to labour unions and political opposition supporters took to the streets to demand change. Their anger was mainly driven by poor governance, corruption, rising costs of living, unemployment, controversial elections, and lack of basic services. In some countries, protests were peaceful at first but later became violent when met with heavy force by security authorities. In others, long‑standing social and political tensions exploded into months of demonstrations, clashes, and unrest.
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) began the year with significant unrest on 28 January 2025, when violent riots broke out in Kinshasa, the capital. People protested over perceived international inaction and the rebellion in the east of the country. Demonstrators attacked foreign diplomatic missions and clashed with police, burning tires and looting local markets. The riots were a clear sign of deep frustration over security failures and perceived political neglect.
In Mali, nationwide protests took place in May 2025 against the military government’s actions, including dissolving political parties and limiting freedoms. Thousands marched in Bamako and other cities demanding democratic reform and an end to military rule. The demonstrations included civil disobedience and clashes with authorities, showing how citizens were no longer willing to accept slow progress toward democratic governance.
Kenya experienced one of the most sustained protest movements in mid‑2025. From 9 June to 7 July, youth‑led demonstrations erupted in Nairobi and other cities, driven by anger over the death of a teacher in police custody, economic hardship, corruption, and police brutality. The unrest resulted in at least 65 deaths, hundreds of injuries, and more than 1,500 arrests. The protests were marked by clashes between protesters and security forces, blocked roads, and large crowds demanding government accountability.
Angola saw violent protests in July 2025 after the government cut fuel subsidies and sharply raised diesel prices. What began as taxi driver strikes in Luanda quickly spread into nationwide demonstrations. Many protests turned destructive as crowds clashed with police, looted stores, and set fires. At least 22 people were killed, dozens injured, and hundreds arrested during the unrest. The violence highlighted deep economic frustrations in a country where many citizens live in poverty despite the nation’s oil wealth.
In Cameroon, major political unrest followed the October 2025 presidential election. Opposition supporters rejected the reelection of President Paul Biya, claiming electoral fraud. Protests erupted in Douala, Yaoundé, Garoua, and Dschang, with frequent clashes between crowds and security forces. Demonstrations continued for weeks, and dozens of civilians were killed by government responses. The protests became one of the most intense national movements in years, with sustained calls for democratic change.
Tanzania experienced widespread protests after its October general elections, where citizens claimed significant electoral irregularities. Demonstrations spread across Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and other regions. The government at times imposed curfews and cut internet access, but protests continued, and clashes with security forces resulted in deaths and injuries. Citizens demanded transparency and accountability in the electoral process.
On the large island of Madagascar, widespread demonstrations occurred in October 2025. These protests were driven by shortages of water, electricity, and essential services, combined with broader economic discontent. Demonstrators demonstrated in Antananarivo and other cities, clashing with police who used force to disperse crowds. The president briefly left the country amid the unrest, underlining the severity of the situation.
Morocco also saw major youth‑led protests in September and October 2025. Young people took to the streets in Rabat and other urban centres demanding better public services, healthcare, education, and job opportunities. Although many protesters were peaceful, heavy police responses and injuries were reported as demonstrations continued over several days.
South Africa experienced repeated unrest throughout 2025, especially in major cities like Johannesburg, Durban, and Cape Town. Protests were fuelled by unemployment, inequality, poor service delivery, and frustration with the political establishment. Large marches and demonstrations sometimes turned violent when police intervened to control crowds.
In Sudan, although the long‑running civil war was not a traditional protest movement, it created deep social and political instability that spilled into broader unrest. Fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces continued to displace civilians and fuel local uprisings and protests in several regions.
South Sudan faced violent episode of unrest in January 2025 when protests erupted in Juba and other cities against alleged killings of civilians by Sudanese forces in neighbouring regions. The protests turned violent, with looting of businesses and heavy gunfire reported. A state‑wide curfew was imposed to try to control the situation.
Other West African countries also saw protests and violent unrest in 2025. Togo experienced significant youth movements in June, July, and August, demanding political reform, rejecting constitutional changes, and protesting economic hardship. Demonstrators blocked roads, burned tyres, and clashed with security forces, resulting in deaths, arrests, and increased restrictions on public gatherings.
In the Sahel region, nations such as Burkina Faso and Niger grappled with ongoing political and security tensions. While not all unrest took the form of street protests, widespread dissatisfaction with military rule, coup governments, delayed elections, and extremist violence contributed to political instability that sparked local demonstrations and tensions in 2025.
Across parts of West Africa, smaller protests also occurred in Senegal and Cape Verde. In Senegal, unrest was linked to political tension and governance fatigue, as various groups expressed discontent with public services and political leadership. In Cape Verde, labour protests involving judicial staff and civil servants highlighted growing frustration with institutional delays and governance issues, though these events did not turn as violent as in other countries.
Additionally, Mozambique witnessed post‑election unrest towards the end of 2025. Allegations of electoral fraud and political violence sparked mass demonstrations in Maputo and other cities, with reports of clashes, deaths, and thousands of arrests as citizens demanded fair political processes and accountability.
Across the continent, 2025 protests reflected deep dissatisfaction. They were not limited to a single cause but arose from a mix of political, economic, and social problems: controversial elections, inflation and rising costs of living, lack of jobs for young people, corruption, poor public services, and police violence. In many countries, youth movements—often called “Gen Z protests”—became symbols of a new generation demanding change, fairness, and a voice in their nations’ futures.
In response, governments varied from offering limited reforms to imposing curfews, internet blackouts, and forceful police action. In several countries, security forces used tear gas, water cannons, and live ammunition to break up crowds, resulting in deaths, injuries, and mass arrests. In others, authorities tried negotiation and limited policy shifts, though many protesters continued to demand deeper reforms.
By the end of 2025, violent protests and political unrest had become a defining part of Africa’s political landscape. From North Africa to the Sahel, West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa, citizens showed a growing willingness to stand up for their rights and challenge leaders they saw as unresponsive.
Elections in Africa in 2025:
In 2025, many African countries held important elections, including presidential, parliamentary, and local votes. These elections were a crucial part of democratic life, giving citizens the chance to choose leaders and influence the future. However, they also revealed deep challenges such as disputes over fairness, political restrictions, logistical difficulties, violence, and limited public trust.
Gabon held presidential and legislative elections on April 12, 2025. General Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema, who had led a military coup in 2023, was declared the winner with a large share of the vote. While the elections were generally peaceful, critics argued that opposition parties did not have an equal chance to compete due to restrictions on campaign activities and media access.
Malawi conducted general elections on September 16, 2025, for president, members of the National Assembly, and local councillors. Peter Mutharika won the presidency, defeating the incumbent Lazarus Chakwera. The elections had high voter turnout, but logistical issues were reported in some areas, including inaccurate voter lists, long queues at polling stations, and allegations of vote buying and intimidation.
Seychelles held presidential and National Assembly elections on September 27, 2025. The ruling party maintained control, though opposition parties expressed concern about unequal media access and limited opportunities to communicate their platforms.
Togo held presidential and senatorial elections on February 15, 2025. The ruling party maintained power, but civil society groups criticized restrictions on opposition campaigning and limited political space, raising concerns about the competitiveness of the elections.
Cameroon held its presidential election on October 12, 2025, and President Paul Biya was declared the winner. The election sparked protests in several cities, including Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua. Opposition figures claimed the vote was fraudulent, and clashes with security forces resulted in injuries and fatalities, highlighting deep mistrust between citizens and the government.
Côte d’Ivoire conducted presidential elections on October 25, 2025, with President Alassane Ouattara securing another term. Key opposition candidates had been barred from running, and there were concerns over low voter turnout, limited competition, and questions about the inclusiveness and legitimacy of the process.
Tanzania held general elections, including presidential, parliamentary, and local council votes, on October 29, 2025. President Samia Suluhu Hassan won a new term with official results showing a landslide victory. The elections were criticized for undemocratic conditions, including the exclusion of opposition parties, restrictions on rallies, and arrests of political activists. Protests erupted following the announcement of results, leading to violence and multiple arrests across the country.
Guinea-Bissau held general elections on November 23, 2025, but the process was interrupted by a military coup. Election results were annulled, and the political situation remained unstable, demonstrating the fragility of democratic institutions in the country.
Central African Republic planned presidential and parliamentary elections for December 28, 2025. The elections were affected by security challenges, including ongoing conflicts that made voting difficult in several regions, and opposition groups raised concerns about campaign restrictions and limited political freedom.
Comoros held parliamentary elections on January 12, 2025. The ruling party retained dominance, but opposition parties contested results in some areas, and logistical issues delayed voting in several constituencies.
Other countries also held important elections in 2025. Equatorial Guinea and Egypt conducted legislative elections, with critics noting limited political openness and restrictions on opposition participation. Namibia held local and regional council elections, which were generally competitive, but turnout was affected by voter apathy in some areas. Tunisia conducted elections for the House of Councillors and other representative bodies, though economic concerns and limited public engagement influenced voter participation.
Across these elections, recurring challenges were evident. Many citizens questioned the fairness and transparency of the process, especially in countries like Tanzania, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, and Gabon, where opposition parties faced restrictions. Violence and protests occurred in Tanzania, Cameroon, and Guinea-Bissau, sometimes resulting in deaths and injuries. Logistical difficulties, such as delayed ballots, inaccurate voter lists, and long queues, affected countries including Malawi and Comoros. Security concerns in Central African Republic and Guinea-Bissau made safe and inclusive voting difficult. Public trust in electoral commissions and vote counting remained low in multiple countries, particularly where results strongly favoured incumbents.
Despite these challenges, millions of Africans participated in the 2025 elections. In Gabon, Malawi, Seychelles, Togo, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau, Central African Republic, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Egypt, Namibia, and Tunisia, citizens went to the polls to express their political will.
Coups, Attempted Takeovers in 2025
In 2025, political instability and a deep sense of crisis continued to spread across parts of Africa, driven especially by coups, attempted coups, contested elections, and weak governance. A number of countries experienced dramatic military interventions or serious threats of military takeovers, highlighting the fragility of democratic systems and the growing influence of armed forces in national politics.
One of the most notable events of the year was the successful coup in Madagascar. On 12 October 2025, an elite military unit known as CAPSAT, led by Colonel Michael Randrianirina, overthrew President Andry Rajoelina amid months of protests over water and electricity shortages and widespread public frustration with government performance. Rajoelina fled the country as the military dissolved key political institutions and installed Randrianirina as interim president. The new military leadership promised national unity and plans to govern for up to two years before arranging new elections, but the takeover drew widespread international condemnation and resulted in Madagascar’s suspension from the African Union. The coup underscored how governance failures and social grievances — especially around the basic needs of citizens — can fuel instability and provide openings for armed intervention.
In Guinea‑Bissau, political turmoil peaked in late November 2025. After disputed general elections on 23 November, both incumbent President Umaro Sissoco Embaló and opposition challenger Fernando Dias claimed victory. Official results were delayed, and on 26 November 2025, soldiers seized control of key government buildings and declared a new military command in power, detaining President Embaló in the process. Brigadier General Dinis Incanha was reported to be among the senior officers asserting control, as the military declared “total control” of the country and suspended the electoral process. The takeover plunged Guinea‑Bissau into a deep constitutional crisis, with gunfire reported near the presidential palace and the electoral authority effectively sidelined. This was one of the most dramatic coups in the country’s history — a nation that has seen repeated interventions since independence.
Not all coups in 2025 were fully successful. In Benin, on 7 December 2025, a group of soldiers calling themselves the Military Committee for Refoundation briefly announced on national television that they had ousted President Patrice Talon and shut down borders, claiming they were restoring unity and order. Television broadcasts showed the coup leaders declaring a suspension of the constitution. However, loyalist forces regained control within hours, and the attempt collapsed. The interior minister confirmed that the coup had been thwarted, and several of the mutineers were arrested, while coup leader Lieutenant Colonel Pascal Tigri fled and remained at large. This failed coup attempt reflected rising tensions within what had long been seen as a relatively stable democracy and raised fears that even nations with strong economic performance and civilian rule are vulnerable to unrest.
These coup events of 2025 cannot be viewed in isolation; they are part of a broader pattern of political instability that has grown across the continent in recent years — especially in West and Central Africa. In neighboring Niger, a military takeover on 26 July 2023 brought General Abdourahamane Tchiani to power, removing President Mohamed Bazoum and establishing a military junta that extended its transitional leadership into 2025 amid growing insecurity. This junta also supported — or was suspected of backing — destabilizing elements in the region, including reports that linked the Benin coup attempt to external influence aimed at strengthening the Alliance of Sahel States.
To the west, Mali has been under military rule since 2020 when Colonel Assimi Goïta led coups that toppled the civilian government and consolidated military authority. By 2025, Goïta had approved laws extending his mandate for years without elections, citing security threats from jihadist groups and governance failures. Burkina Faso has been ruled by the military since successive coups in 2022 and 2023 brought Captain Ibrahim Traoré to power, who also faced internal plots and unrest as rebels and dissidents challenged his government. These Sahelian coups have reshaped West African politics, weakening regional democratic institutions and contributing to the rise of military influence.
Further south, Sudan’s ongoing crisis — rooted in the October 2021 coup led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and followed by violent rivalries with paramilitary leader Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti) — continued to destabilize the country. What began as a military takeover of a fragile democratic transition evolved into a civil war that left deep divisions and humanitarian crises. Despite not involving a new mid‑year coup in 2025, Sudan remained one of the most coup‑prone nations in Africa, with persistent conflict shaping daily life.
Political instability also manifested beyond coups. In countries like Cameroon, contested elections and anger over presidential rule by Paul Biya led to protests and clashes with security forces in 2025. In Tanzania, restrictions on opposition parties and contested electoral outcomes heightened tensions. In Sudan’s southern neighbor South Sudan, delayed peace implementations sparked protests against political elites. In Nigeria, persistent demonstrations over insecurity, corruption, and governance shortcomings revealed deep frustrations with civilian rule, even without a direct coup. Ethiopia faced tensions between federal and regional authorities, while nations like Libya, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe dealt with protests and crises linked to governance and economic hardship.
The wave of coups, attempted takeovers, and political crises across Africa in 2025 reveals a continent wrestling with longstanding challenges: weak institutions, economic inequality, insecurity, and distrust between citizens and leaders. The successful ousting of governments in Madagascar and Guinea‑Bissau, the thwarted attempt in Benin, and the enduring military rule in Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Sudan all point to a pattern where military force remains a powerful means of changing governments where political processes fail citizens.
Wars and Conflicts and 2025
In 2025, Africa continued to grapple with wars, armed conflicts, and violent insurgencies across multiple regions. These conflicts stemmed from a combination of historical grievances, political instability, competition for natural resources, ethnic tensions, and weak governance. Civilians remained the most affected, facing displacement, food insecurity, and the constant threat of violence, while governments struggled to assert control in contested areas.
In the Sahel region, conflict remained intense across Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger. In Mali, the military-led government under Colonel Assimi Goïta maintained control after previous coups, but jihadist insurgencies linked to groups like al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS) continued to attack military outposts, villages, and convoys. The violence displaced thousands of families and created humanitarian emergencies in central and northern regions. Burkina Faso faced similar challenges. Armed groups carried out raids in the northern and eastern provinces, targeting civilians, schools, and local administrations. The government, led by Captain Ibrahim Traoré, struggled to protect rural communities, and widespread fear limited agricultural production, worsening food insecurity. Niger also faced spillover violence from neighboring Mali and Burkina Faso, with villages along the border frequently attacked by jihadist cells.
In Ethiopia, the Tigray conflict, although officially reduced, remained unresolved in 2025. Sporadic clashes between federal forces and Tigrayan forces continued, while tensions escalated in the Oromia and Amhara regions, where local militias and government troops clashed over political and territorial disputes. These conflicts created widespread displacement and disrupted access to basic services, leaving civilians exposed to both violence and famine. In addition, the Somali region of Ethiopia experienced localized fighting between federal forces and insurgent groups, exacerbating the overall instability.
Sudan continued to experience political violence and armed clashes between rival military factions. The lingering conflict between General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan’s forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) led by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti) persisted in Khartoum and Darfur. Civilians bore the brunt of these clashes, with homes destroyed, markets disrupted, and access to healthcare severely limited. The instability also affected humanitarian operations, complicating the delivery of aid to millions of vulnerable people.
In Libya, the post-Gaddafi era remained unsettled. Rival governments in Tripoli and Tobruk continued to assert authority, and armed groups in southern and western regions frequently clashed over control of resources, particularly oil facilities. International mediation remained limited, and sporadic attacks by militias contributed to a tense security environment, deterring investment and reconstruction.
In Somalia, al-Shabaab continued to mount attacks in Mogadishu and rural regions, targeting government institutions, UN agencies, and civilians. The federal government struggled to maintain control outside major cities, while clan-based militias and regional administrations sometimes acted autonomously, further fragmenting authority. Attempts to hold elections were delayed in some areas due to insecurity, highlighting the ongoing challenge of establishing a stable, centralized government.
In Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), armed groups continued to destabilize the eastern provinces of North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri. The Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) and various local militias engaged in violent clashes with government forces, displacing thousands and causing widespread civilian casualties. Control over mineral-rich areas intensified competition, fueling cycles of violence and hindering humanitarian access.
Several conflicts were linked to separatist or autonomous movements. Cameroon faced ongoing violence in its Anglophone regions, where separatist groups seeking independence for Ambazonia clashed with government forces. Schools, hospitals, and local infrastructure were frequently targeted, and the population faced severe restrictions on movement and economic activity. Similarly, in Mozambique, the insurgency in Cabo Delgado province persisted, with Islamist militants attacking villages, towns, and security forces. The government continued counter-insurgency operations, but civilian casualties and displacement remained high.
In Nigeria, violence in the northeast, led by Boko Haram and ISWAP (Islamic State West Africa Province), continued to destabilize Borno, Yobe, and Adamawa states. Kidnappings, suicide bombings, and attacks on military installations were frequent. In the northwest, banditry and clashes between herders and farmers further strained the government’s ability to maintain security, contributing to the perception of a state unable to protect its citizens fully.
Newly independent or recently autonomous regions in Africa also faced security challenges in 2025. South Sudan, which gained independence in 2011, remained fragile, with ongoing clashes between former rival factions of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) and other armed groups. Disputes over territory, oil revenue, and political representation continued to trigger localized fighting, particularly in Jonglei, Unity, and Upper Nile states. Somaliland, a self-declared independent region in northern Somalia, maintained relative stability compared to southern Somalia but faced border tensions with Puntland and periodic clashes with armed militias that challenged its authority.
In Central African Republic (CAR), armed groups controlled large portions of rural territory. Despite efforts at peace agreements and international support, violence continued between rival militias, displacing tens of thousands and creating severe humanitarian needs. Neighboring countries like Chad and Sudan were also affected by refugee flows and cross-border incursions, illustrating how conflicts in one nation often destabilize an entire region.
The conflicts across Africa in 2025 share several common causes. Weak state institutions, ethnic and religious tensions, competition for natural resources, extremist ideologies, and political grievances often intersect, creating protracted cycles of violence. Civilians are frequently caught in the crossfire, with displacement, hunger, and human rights abuses defining everyday life in many conflict zones. International organizations and regional bodies, such as the African Union and the United Nations, continued to attempt mediation and peacekeeping efforts, but the scale and complexity of the crises limited the effectiveness of these interventions.
Africa and Donald Trump in 2025
In 2025, African countries faced significant challenges in their relations with the United States under the leadership of former President Donald Trump, whose policies continued to influence global diplomacy, trade, and security. Trump’s “America First” approach, even after leaving office, had lasting implications for Africa, where governments, businesses, and citizens contended with changes in trade relations, reductions in foreign aid, visa restrictions, and uneven security cooperation. The year revealed how African nations must navigate unpredictable external partners while simultaneously addressing internal development needs and political stability.
One of the most immediate and impactful challenges came from trade disruptions. In April 2025, the Trump administration imposed new tariffs on imports from multiple African countries, effectively ending or severely reducing the benefits of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), a program that had allowed duty-free access for textiles, agricultural goods, and manufactured products. These tariffs affected countries across the continent, from southern Africa to West Africa. Lesotho, heavily reliant on textile exports to the U.S., saw tariffs on garments spike up to 50 percent. This sudden increase forced factory closures and job losses, particularly in Maseru, where thousands of workers were left unemployed. Similarly, Madagascar faced tariffs on vanilla and textile exports, threatening the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and factory employees. Mauritius, Botswana, and South Africa also suffered, with tariffs on key exports like automotive components, citrus fruits, and sugar reaching levels that disrupted local economies and reduced foreign exchange earnings.
The trade disruptions coincided with reductions in U.S. foreign aid, particularly in sectors critical to development and public health. Programs in South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria experienced sharp cuts. In March 2025, South Africa lost a significant portion of U.S. funding for HIV/AIDS programs, leading to clinic closures and layoffs of thousands of health professionals. Kenya and Uganda experienced similar reductions in funding for maternal and child health initiatives, limiting access to essential services in rural regions. Governments were forced to reallocate domestic budgets to fill gaps, often at the expense of education, infrastructure, or other development priorities. This strain amplified existing public dissatisfaction with local governments and increased the pressure to seek alternative international partnerships.
Diplomatic tensions also rose during 2025. African leaders criticized the Trump administration for unilateral policy decisions that appeared to disregard decades-long cooperation. In February, South African officials openly condemned a U.S. executive order that suspended parts of financial aid to Pretoria, citing disagreements over land reform and policy positions. President Cyril Ramaphosa, along with other African leaders, publicly rejected assertions made by Trump regarding alleged mistreatment of minorities in South Africa, which sparked diplomatic friction. The rhetoric fueled skepticism about U.S. intentions and pushed some governments to explore deeper engagement with alternative global partners, particularly China and Russia, whose economic and security support was increasingly reliable.
Visa restrictions and travel bans added another layer of challenge. Several African countries were included in U.S. travel policies that limited the movement of students, professionals, and business leaders. Countries such as Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Ethiopia faced partial visa suspensions, affecting academic exchanges, professional migration, and international business. In some cases, governments refused to accept deportees from the U.S., citing unfair treatment and lack of due process. The restrictions hindered mobility for African citizens and complicated efforts to strengthen educational and professional networks with American institutions, slowing cultural and knowledge exchange critical for long-term development.
Security cooperation under Trump’s policies was inconsistent and at times controversial. Counterterrorism initiatives continued in parts of West Africa, Nigeria, and Somalia, but the approach emphasized unilateral actions and often framed military support around sectarian narratives. For instance, in December 2025, U.S. airstrikes targeted Islamic State affiliates in northeast Nigeria, with explicit messaging about protecting Christian communities. While coordinated with Nigerian authorities, the framing raised concerns about exacerbating religious tensions, potentially fueling cycles of violence rather than stabilizing affected regions. Similarly, in Somalia, U.S. drone strikes were strategically timed to support federal authorities but sometimes risked civilian casualties, creating public relations and operational challenges for local governments.
Despite the difficulties, some African countries found ways to engage positively with the United States in health and development sectors. Agreements in 2025 with Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Cameroon, Eswatini, Lesotho, Liberia, Mozambique, and Uganda focused on co-financing health programs and providing limited technical assistance. While these deals helped maintain essential services, they also reflected a transactional approach consistent with Trump’s “America First” philosophy, requiring African governments to bear higher portions of costs and align with U.S. priorities.
The cumulative effect of trade, aid, and diplomatic challenges led many African nations to accelerate efforts to diversify their international partnerships. The implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) gained new urgency, providing a platform for intra-African trade to mitigate the negative impact of lost U.S. market access. Countries also strengthened bilateral relations with China, the European Union, and Middle Eastern partners, seeking investment, development aid, and security cooperation. In Nigeria, South Africa, and Kenya, government officials emphasized building resilience in domestic industries and reducing dependency on a single external partner, a direct response to the unpredictability of U.S. policies.
Public opinion in many African countries reflected growing frustration. Citizens expressed concern over lost jobs, reduced access to education and health services, and the perception that U.S. policies were punitive rather than cooperative. In Lesotho and Madagascar, factory workers and farmers protested tariffs, while in South Africa, civil society organizations lobbied for maintaining essential health programs despite aid cuts. The combination of economic hardship and diplomatic tension underscored the interconnected nature of foreign policy and domestic stability.
2025 revealed the complexity of African-U.S. relations under Donald Trump. African countries faced significant economic disruption, with tariffs and reduced trade access threatening industries and livelihoods. Foreign aid cuts strained health and development programs, while visa restrictions and travel bans hindered education and professional mobility. Diplomatic tensions challenged long-standing alliances, and inconsistent security cooperation complicated counterterrorism efforts. At the same time, these challenges spurred efforts to diversify economic and diplomatic partnerships, strengthen regional trade, and increase self-reliance.
African nations like South Africa, Lesotho, Madagascar, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Rwanda, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Mozambique, and Eswatini were directly affected, though almost every country on the continent faced some consequences from U.S. policies. By navigating trade disruptions, aid reductions, diplomatic friction, and security concerns, African governments demonstrated resilience and adaptability, even as they grappled with the immediate pressures of an unpredictable U.S. partner.
African change-makers in 2025
In 2025, Africa witnessed a remarkable wave of individuals whose vision, courage, and determination made them true change-makers. Across the continent, from politics and social activism to technology, business, and environmental leadership, Africans stepped forward to tackle pressing challenges, inspire communities, and transform societies. Their work was defined by resilience, creativity, and a deep commitment to addressing the complex issues facing the continent.
In politics and governance, several leaders stood out for their transformative approaches and efforts to strengthen democracy and public trust. Samia Suluhu Hassan, President of Tanzania, continued to champion regional integration and gender equality while implementing policies to improve health, education, and infrastructure. Her leadership in 2025 emphasized transparency and accountability, and she pushed for stronger engagement with East African Community partners on trade and security. In Rwanda, President Paul Kagame focused on technology-driven governance and economic diversification, aiming to reduce the country’s dependence on traditional agriculture and develop a knowledge-based economy. Nana Akufo-Addo, President of Ghana, strengthened initiatives to tackle corruption and promote youth entrepreneurship, creating platforms for young Ghanaians to access training and funding. Meanwhile, in Senegal, President Macky Sall advanced infrastructure projects and renewable energy initiatives that positioned the country as a hub for regional development and climate action.
Beyond formal politics, activists and social innovators emerged as catalysts for social change. In Nigeria, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, former Finance Minister and now Director-General of the World Trade Organization, used her influence to advocate for equitable global trade policies that benefited African nations. Her work in 2025 emphasized empowering African economies, particularly by improving access to international markets for small and medium-sized enterprises. Wanjira Mathai, environmentalist from Kenya and daughter of Nobel laureate Wangari Maathai, led initiatives to combat deforestation, restore ecosystems, and empower rural women in sustainable farming. In South Africa, Thuli Madonsela, former Public Protector, continued her advocacy for anti-corruption measures and civic education, inspiring a new generation of activists to hold institutions accountable and strengthen democratic culture.
The technology and innovation sector also produced notable change-makers who leveraged digital tools to address local and continental challenges. Rebecca Enonchong, tech entrepreneur from Cameroon, expanded her platforms to train African youth in coding, entrepreneurship, and artificial intelligence, creating thousands of new opportunities in emerging tech sectors. In Kenya, Juliana Rotich, co-founder of BRCK and Ushahidi, led projects using data and mobile technology to improve disaster response, enhance civic engagement, and increase transparency in government services. In Nigeria, Iyinoluwa Aboyeji, founder of multiple tech startups including Andela, continued to support African innovation hubs, connecting talent with global investors and mentors to grow Africa’s tech ecosystem. Their work demonstrated the power of digital solutions to drive social and economic transformation across borders.
Entrepreneurs and business leaders in 2025 also played pivotal roles in shaping Africa’s development. Ashish J. Thakkar, founder of the Mara Group, expanded investments in renewable energy, fintech, and education, creating sustainable business models that prioritized both profit and social impact. In Ethiopia, Elene Tadesse, a young agritech entrepreneur, developed systems to connect smallholder farmers with markets and resources, increasing income stability for rural communities. Betelhem Dessie, a pioneering Ethiopian programmer and social entrepreneur, implemented technology solutions to support education and health initiatives in under-served communities, bridging the digital divide and fostering youth empowerment.
Cultural and creative leaders also influenced change in 2025 by shaping public narratives, preserving African heritage, and inspiring civic participation. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Nigerian writer and activist, continued to speak out on issues of gender equality, freedom of expression, and education, amplifying African voices globally. In music and popular culture, artists like Burna Boy and Aya Nakamura used their platforms to address social issues, raise awareness about mental health, and support educational initiatives. Filmmakers and journalists across the continent, including Mahmoud Souleimane in Morocco and Aïcha Chibli in Tunisia, highlighted underreported stories of marginalized communities, promoting dialogue and accountability in local and regional governance.
In the realm of climate action and environmental protection, 2025 saw African leaders tackling ecological crises head-on. Mohamed Nasheed, former President of the Maldives and now an international climate advocate collaborating with African nations, partnered with African policymakers to develop coastal resilience and renewable energy projects. In Kenya, Mumbi Macharia, a climate activist and social entrepreneur, worked with local governments to implement sustainable urban farming programs and green energy initiatives. In West Africa, Fatou Jeng, environmentalist from The Gambia, led campaigns to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable agriculture, empowering communities to adapt to climate change while protecting natural resources.
Youth leadership was particularly prominent in 2025, with young Africans emerging as powerful agents of change. In Uganda, Derrick Kiyaga, a young tech innovator, developed mobile solutions for agricultural logistics, linking farmers to buyers and reducing post-harvest losses. In South Africa, Zinhle Mbatha, a student activist and environmental campaigner, mobilized thousands of youth in initiatives advocating for cleaner cities and better access to public services. These young leaders represented a new wave of Africans committed to creating equitable, sustainable, and technologically advanced societies.
In summary, Africa in 2025 was shaped not only by its governments and institutions but also by visionary individuals across politics, activism, technology, business, culture, and environmental protection. Leaders like Samia Suluhu Hassan, Paul Kagame, Macky Sall, Nana Akufo-Addo, and Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala exemplified political and economic foresight, while activists like Thuli Madonsela, Wanjira Mathai, and Juliana Rotich inspired civic engagement and environmental stewardship. Entrepreneurs such as Rebecca Enonchong, Iyinoluwa Aboyeji, Ashish J. Thakkar, and Elene Tadesse drove innovation and economic empowerment, and young change-makers like Derrick Kiyaga and Zinhle Mbatha demonstrated the transformative power of youth-led initiatives. Across the continent, these Africans challenged the status quo, pushed for inclusive growth, and laid the foundations for a more resilient, equitable, and prosperous Africa.
A Continent Tested by Tragedy
In 2025, Africa faced a series of tragic events that profoundly affected millions of people across the continent. These tragedies ranged from natural disasters and industrial accidents to transport catastrophes, conflicts, and humanitarian crises. Communities were often caught between uncontrollable forces and insufficient infrastructure, highlighting vulnerabilities while showcasing the resilience and courage of ordinary Africans.
Natural disasters continued to dominate headlines in 2025. Mozambique was hit by devastating floods from February 3–15, caused by excessive rainfall and the overflow of the Limpopo River. Thousands of families in Beira and surrounding districts were forced to evacuate as homes, schools, and hospitals were submerged. Crops were destroyed, and millions faced food insecurity. Roads and bridges were washed away, delaying emergency responses and isolating communities. Similarly, Zimbabwe endured the wrath of Cyclone Eloise from March 10–20, which battered Manicaland and Mashonaland Central. Entire villages were flattened, homes destroyed, and residents were left without access to electricity, water, or medical care. The government declared a state of emergency and appealed for international assistance to support rescue and recovery operations.
Drought and famine intensified in the Horn of Africa. Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya experienced one of the worst dry seasons in decades. In Ethiopia’s Somali region, from April to July, over 1.2 million people faced acute hunger due to failed crops and dying livestock. In Kenya, Turkana, Mandera, and Marsabit counties suffered severe water scarcity, forcing families to migrate toward urban areas. Somalia’s ongoing security challenges hindered aid delivery, leaving thousands without sufficient food or clean water. Across the Horn, children, the elderly, and disabled individuals were particularly vulnerable, with malnutrition and disease increasing dramatically.
Transport disasters compounded the year’s tragedies. On May 15, a fuel pipeline explosion in Lagos State, Nigeria, destroyed entire neighborhoods and killed over 150 people, injuring hundreds more. The densely populated area amplified the disaster’s impact, and secondary fires delayed rescue efforts. In South Africa, a mining collapse in Mpumalanga on June 12 trapped dozens of miners underground; 45 workers were confirmed dead, reigniting debates about industrial safety standards.
Air travel also witnessed fatal incidents. On July 8, a Kenya Airways flight from Nairobi to Mombasa crashed shortly after takeoff due to engine failure, killing all 112 passengers and crew on board. Later in September, an Ethiopian Airlines cargo plane crashed near Addis Ababa, claiming 42 lives and destroying nearby farmland. Aviation safety and regulatory oversight were brought into sharp focus, as investigations revealed issues in maintenance protocols and pilot training. Rail transport was not spared either. On October 19, a passenger train derailed near Lusaka, Zambia, while crossing a weakened bridge after heavy rains, causing over 60 deaths and injuring hundreds. Overcrowding on the train compounded the disaster, exposing vulnerabilities in railway safety and infrastructure maintenance.
Political instability and violent conflicts also led to humanitarian tragedies. In Sudan, clashes between rival military factions in Khartoum from August 3–10 caused hundreds of civilian casualties, destroying residential areas and hospitals and displacing tens of thousands. Burundi faced violent unrest after contested local elections on June 21, resulting in at least 30 deaths and numerous injuries in Bujumbura and Gitega. In Nigeria, attacks by Boko Haram and ISWAP continued to devastate communities in Borno and Yobe states throughout 2025, killing civilians, destroying homes, and displacing thousands. In Somalia, intermittent clashes between government forces and insurgents displaced over 250,000 people from Mogadishu and southern regions, compounding the ongoing humanitarian crisis.
Health crises further worsened the situation. Cholera and measles outbreaks swept through South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Chad between March and August, killing hundreds, particularly children. In Sierra Leone, a new wave of Lassa fever in Kenema and Kailahun districts from July to September caused significant panic and overwhelmed medical facilities. Poor sanitation, lack of access to clean water, and insufficient vaccination coverage worsened these health emergencies. In DRC, ongoing Ebola surveillance and response operations were stretched thin due to concurrent cholera outbreaks, making it difficult to control transmission effectively.
Industrial disasters added to the toll. In Egypt, a chemical plant explosion in Alexandria on November 2 injured over 80 workers and caused extensive environmental damage. Local communities were forced to evacuate temporarily due to toxic fumes. Similarly, in Ghana, a gold mine collapse near Obuasi on August 14 trapped dozens of miners underground. Rescue efforts were hampered by outdated safety equipment, and at least 20 workers died before recovery was possible.
The cumulative impact of these tragedies was enormous. Millions of Africans were displaced by floods, drought, conflicts, and transport accidents, often losing homes, livelihoods, and access to education. Vulnerable groups—including women, children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities—were disproportionately affected. Governments and regional organizations such as the African Union struggled to respond effectively due to limited resources and the scale of crises. International humanitarian agencies provided assistance, but structural challenges in governance, infrastructure, and emergency preparedness left many communities highly exposed.
The economic consequences were severe. Crops destroyed by floods and drought, industrial shutdowns, and transportation failures led to sharp increases in food prices and loss of income. Education was interrupted as schools were damaged or converted into emergency shelters. The psychological toll was significant, with survivors grappling with trauma, grief, and the uncertainty of rebuilding their lives.
2025 was a year marked by profound tragedies across Africa. Countries including Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Chad, Sierra Leone, Zambia, and Egypt faced floods, drought, industrial accidents, plane crashes, train derailments, and outbreaks of disease. These events exposed vulnerabilities in infrastructure, governance, disaster preparedness, and public health systems. Yet, amid the sorrow, the resilience of African communities shone through, as ordinary citizens, humanitarian organizations, and governments worked tirelessly to provide relief, rebuild communities, and advocate for long-term solutions.
Africa 2026: Crossroads of Hope and Hardship
As the calendar turns to 2026, Africa stands at a pivotal moment in its modern history: a vast, vibrant continent emerging from the manifold trials of 2025, yet confronting entrenched structural challenges that could define its trajectory for decades. From bustling metropolises to rural hinterlands, from regional power hubs to fragile states, the narrative of Africa is one of contrasts — tenacious promise wrestled with enduring obstacles.
In the closing chapters of 2025, Sub‑Saharan Africa registered a resilient economic performance, with growth accelerating modestly despite global uncertainties. The region’s GDP growth rose from roughly 3.5 per cent in 2025 to an expected 4.3 per cent in 2026–27 — a testament to resilient internal demand, stabilising inflation and an increasingly entrepreneurial private sector. Yet, beneath the surface, the pace of growth remained insufficient to meaningfully tackle poverty or generate the volume of jobs demanded by Africa’s surging labour force. This duality — growth yet gap, promise yet peril — encapsulates the continent’s mood as it enters the new year.
At the heart of Africa’s economic outlook is a story of divergent performance. Several countries are on track to grow at rates that rival emerging markets elsewhere: Ethiopia, Niger, Rwanda and Senegal are among the economies projected to expand by more than 5 per cent, underscoring the potential unleashed by diversification and reform. Meanwhile, resource‑intensive giants like Angola and Nigeria face conflicting fortunes, buffeted by commodity price volatility and ongoing structural constraints. Africa’s aggregate GDP could reach upwards of $3.3 trillion by the end of 2026, even as the global economy slows under inflationary pressures and geopolitical fragmentation. Yet this growth proton is tempered by a reality familiar to many Africans: jobs are not being created fast enough. Even as GDP expands, unemployment — particularly among youth — remains stubbornly high; millions of young Africans enter the job market each year, far outpacing the number of formal opportunities available. Economic growth alone will not be enough to absorb this labour surge, signalling persistent social pressure in 2026 and beyond.
Economic statistics tell only part of Africa’s story. Throughout 2025, popular discontent surged in multiple nations, underscoring the nexus between governance and stability that will be central to 2026’s political landscape. In Morocco, a wave of youth‑led demonstrations erupted in late 2025, rooted in frustration over deteriorating public services, unemployment and perceptions of inequality — a vivid reminder that economic growth does not necessarily translate into social satisfaction. Similarly, Togo witnessed sustained protests challenging political continuity and constitutional adjustment, driven by Gen Z activists demanding democratic participation and improved living conditions. In Mali, public demonstrations in mid‑2025 marked one of the most significant anti‑government movements since the 2020 coup, with citizens demanding democratic reform and accountability from the ruling junta. These episodes reflect a broader pattern: a generation unwilling to wait for change and increasingly assertive in shaping national agendas. Across Africa, governments will need to heed these voices in 2026 if they are to maintain legitimacy and social cohesion.
No assessment of Africa’s prospects would be complete without confronting security realities — from insurgency to interstate diplomacy. In East Africa, the extremist group al‑Shabab remains a potent threat, representing the greatest danger to peace in Somalia and its environs, with spill‑over attacks into Kenya underscoring the challenge of stabilising a region beset by protracted conflict. Counter‑insurgency efforts, including an extended mandate for African Union stabilization forces, are set to continue through 2026, but risks persist. Elsewhere, fragile peace efforts are emerging. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a landmark peace agreement with Rwanda in 2025 raised hopes of curbing years of warfare in the east — though implementation will be delicate and contested, making 2026 a decisive year for restoration. Such dynamics underscore a central theme: security and economic development are inextricably linked. Without durable peace, infrastructure projects stall, investment retreats and citizens’ well‑being diminishes.
Africa’s geography — from arid Sahel to fertile coastal plains — defines both its promise and its vulnerability. The continent is disproportionately affected by climate change, incurring annual economic losses from droughts, floods and ecological degradation. Efforts to build climate‑resilient economies are accelerating, but funding gaps remain vast. Infrastructure development, a prerequisite for growth, also faces significant barriers. Urbanisation is expanding rapidly — with Africa’s urban population expected to almost double by 2050 — yet fragmented cross‑border networks and financing constraints inhibit efficient connectivity. Despite these hurdles, opportunities abound. Investments in renewable energy, digital infrastructure and agritech are gaining traction. Africa’s youthful demographic, coupled with a booming digital ecosystem, positions it to leapfrog traditional development paths, provided that policy frameworks and capital flows align.
The year 2025 closed amid evolving global power dynamics, with Africa increasingly at the nexus of strategic competition. Major powers continue to vie for influence through trade ties, infrastructure commitments and security cooperation. African states, in turn, are striving to balance these relationships to maximise national interests. Recent calls for reform of global governance and enhanced African representation signal the continent’s aspiration for a more influential voice on the world stage. Yet geopolitical shifts also carry risks. Major aid donors have curtailed development budgets to prioritise defence spending, potentially jeopardising vital assistance to African health, education and social programmes. How Africa negotiates these global currents in 2026 will shape its diplomatic and economic landscape for years to come.
If 2026 is to be a year of genuine advance — not merely survival — Africa will have to reconcile aspirations with structural realities. Job‑centred growth must be prioritised. Economic expansion that fails to generate employment undermines stability. Governments and private sectors must collaborate to support sectors that create quality jobs — including manufacturing, agribusiness and technology. Governance and accountability are indispensable. The political ferment of 2025 demonstrates that legitimacy rests not on electoral rituals alone but on tangible improvements in citizens’ lives. Transparent institutions, free media and responsive public services will be critical. Human capital must be elevated. Education, healthcare and skills training — especially in emerging fields like artificial intelligence and digital innovation — are no longer optional luxuries but foundations for competitive economies. Infrastructure integration remains essential. Cross‑border transport, energy grids and digital networks are the sinews that bind markets and unlock value chains. Finally, climate adaptation and sustainability are existential. With climate risks intensifying, Africa must lead the transition to resilient, low‑carbon growth strategies that protect both people and the planet.
Africa in 2026 will be neither uniformly triumphant nor defeated. It will be dynamic, contested, hopeful and demanding. From the bustling markets of Accra to the innovation hubs of Nairobi, from fragile borderlands to coastal trade corridors, the continent’s story is being written every day by its people — young and old, urban and rural, vocal and unheard. The fundamental question remains the same: Can Africa harness its vast human and natural wealth to secure prosperity that is inclusive, sustainable and just? The answer will unfold in the year ahead — shaped by choices made in capitals and communities across the continent.
For all its complexity, Africa’s narrative is ultimately one of agency. It is a story not merely of adversity and reaction, but of aspiration and invention — and in 2026, that story enters a new chapter.
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